Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the Helmholtz International Beamline for Extreme Fields (HiBEF) user consortium for the provision of instrumentation and staff that enabled this experiment. We acknowledge the European XFEL in Schenefeld, Germany, for provision of X-ray free-electron laser beam time on the scientific instrument HED (High Energy Density Science) and would like to thank the staff for their assistance. The data recorded at the European XFEL will be released after embargo. We acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for the provision of experimental facilities. Parts of this research were carried out at PETRA III (beamline P02.2). Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Funding information
The research leading to these results has been supported by the project CALIPSOplus under Grant Agreement 730872 from the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. KA, MaF, KG, RJH, ZK, HPL, RR, CSV and MS thank the DFG for support within the Research Unit FOR 2440. YL is grateful for support from the Leader Researcher program (NRF-2018R1A3B1052042) of the Korean Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT). Part of this work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344, and by the US Department of Energy through the Los Alamos National Laboratory, operated by Triad National Security LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). Research presented in this article was supported by the US Department of Energy Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Los Alamos National Laboratory under project No. 20190643DR and at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory under contract DE-AC02-76SF00515. Support is acknowledged from the Panofsky Fellowship at SLAC (awarded to EEM), the DOE Office of Fusion Energy Science funding No. FWP100182 (MF and EEM), EPSRC Grants EP/P024513/1 (RSM) and EP/R02927X/1 (EJP and MIM), and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme for grant agreements Nos. 670787 (GF, MAB, and GM) and 864877 (HM). SM and JC acknowledge support from the I-SITE ULNE project MetalCore (R-ERCGEN-19-006-MERKEL). CSY acknowledges the US DOE-NNSA (DE-NA0003342), National Science Foundation (DMR-1701360) and Army Research Office (W911NF-17-1-0468). MB and AFG acknowledge support from the Army Research Office under Cooperative Agreement No. W911NF-19-2-0172. VBP acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation – Earth Sciences (EAR-1634415).
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